![]() As of 2005, approximately 3.17 million TBI survivors experience post-traumatic complications ranging from neurological, psychosocial problems to long-term disability ( Zaloshnja et al., 2008 Bazarian et al., 2009). Globally, more than 50 million individuals suffer from TBIs each year ( Maas et al., 2017). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been one of the leading causes of morbidity, disability and mortality across all ages ( Bruns and Hauser, 2003 Dewan et al., 2018). Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. ![]() To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. 2School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.1Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |